World War One â€Life in the Trenches Free Essays

World war one â€life in the channels When men elected to battle in world war one, on the Western front, much to their dismay about the conditions they would be living and battling in the channels, and for to what extent this would all continue for. The Great War went on for a long time despite the fact that many accepted they would be home by Christmas 1914 on till 11/11/1918(today know better as recognition day). (See source An) Even if the men knew about a large number of the conditions in the channel they would in all likelihood have still joined the same number of were compelled by two different ways to join. We will compose a custom exposition test on World War One â€Life in the Trenches or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now irstly by ladies as they would squeeze minimal white plumes into their hand another way was they would stroll past with a profaned look in their countenances as depicted by Rifleman Norman Demuth in source B (see source B) and also by propagandas(posters)see sources C,D and E for certain models. Despite the fact that the war endured longer than anticipated the conditions didn’t show signs of improvement for troopers as the lack of food deteriorated, illnesses turned out to be increasingly normal e. g. Channel foot (where your foot spoiled off in your boot), more rodents moved into the channels, no real way to expel can squander from the channels and carcasses lined a considerable lot of the sides and floors of the channels assisting with spreading infection. It got so awful in the channels numerous solider went to shooting themselves so they could be sent home and see their companion and family they had abandoned. In any case, in the event that you were seen as blameworthy of a self-perpetrated twisted (SIW) in the British Army a definitive punishment was capital (passing by terminating crew. )Be that as it may, 3,894 British troopers were seen as blameworthy of SIW yet none were executed however rather sent to jail for protracted periods. Essential channel and layouts(see sources f and G) The main occupation of any fighters getting toward the western front who needed to endure the assault rifle shoot from the triple partnership (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was to burrow down, making channels. Cutting edge channels were as a rule around seven foot down and six foot wide. The front of the channel was known as the parapet. The main a few feet of the parapet and the parados (the back side of the channel) would comprise of a thick line of sandbags to retain any shots or shell sections. In a channel of this profundity it was difficult to see over the top, so an a few foot edge known as a fire-step, was included. Channels were not dove in straight lines. Something else, if the adversary had a progressive hostile, and got into your channels, they could shoot straight along the line. Each channel was burrowed with substitute fire-inlets and crosses. Duck-sheets were additionally positioned at the base of the channels to shield warriors from issues, for example, channel foot. Troopers likewise made burrows and funk gaps in the side of the channels to give them some security from the climate and foe fire. The bleeding edge channels were likewise ensured by spiked metal snares and assault rifle posts. Short channels called saps were delved from the front-channel into No-Man’s Land. The sap-head, ordinarily around 30 yards forward of the bleeding edge, were then utilized as listening posts. Behind the forefront channels were backing and hold channels. The three lines of channels secured somewhere in the range of 200 and 500 yards of ground. Correspondence channels, were burrowed at an edge to the cutting edge channel and was utilized to ship men, gear and food supplies. Food in the channels In the channel food was essential however was for some, it was better than what families were eating back at home. Day by day apportions for a British warrior comprised of 20 ounces of bread or 16 ounces of flour or 4 ounces of cereal rather than bread, 3 ounces of cheddar, 5/8 ounces of tea, 4 ounces of jam or 4 ounces of dried organic product ,? ounce of salt, 1/36 ounce of pepper, 1/20 ounce of mustard, 8 ounces of new vegetables or 1/10 gill lime if vegetables not gave, ? gill of rum or 1 16 ounces of doorman , 20 ounces of tobacco, 1/3 ounces of chocolate (discretionary), 4 ounces of spread/margarine and 2 ounces of dried vegetables. One British fighter said (source H) Tinned harasser meat was the standard thing. we were consistently ravenous. ordinarily we just got one cut of bread,often without spread or jam,for breakfast and hard rolls for tea. they were difficult to such an extent that you needed to put them on a hard surface and crush them with a stone. Which means many didn't get what they ought to have. Weapons One thing that had a major impact in the war was the weapons They utilized * Handguns (e. g Webley Revolver, Webley Self-stacking, Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, Enfield gun, Colt M1911 , Colt New Service, Smith ; Wesson M1917 gun, Smith ; Wesson Model 10, Smith amp; Wesson Triple Lock, Lancaster gun, Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, and Mauser C96) * Rifles(e. g. Lee-Enfield, Lee-Metford, Pattern 1914 Enfield, Martini-Enfield, Martini-Henry, Ross rifle , Winchester Model 1894, Winchester Model 1895, Winchester Model 1907, Type 30 rifle, Type 38 rifle, Type 38 rangers rifle, Mauser-Vergueiro, andPeriscope rifle) * Machine Guns(e. g. Vickers automatic rifle, Maxim weapon, Lewis Gun, Hotchkiss Mark I, M1895 Colt-Browning assault rifle and M1917 Browning automatic weapon) * Shotguns(e. g Sawn-off shotgun and Double-dashed shotgun) * Anti-tank weapons(e. . Elephant weapon) * Grenades(e. g Grenade, No 1 Hales; Rifle explosives, 2, 3, 4 Hales; No. s 5, 23, 36 Mills; No. 6 Grenade; No. s 8, 9 Double Cylinder Jam Tin; No. 13 Battye; No. 15 Ball projectile; No. 27 Smoke Grenade and No. 34 Egg explosive) * Mortars(e. g 2 inch Medium Mortar, Newton 6 inch Mortar, Stokes Mortar and Livens Projector) * Support Guns(E. g Vickers-Crayford rocket firearm * Swords(e. g 1897 Pattern, 1908 and 1912 Pattern Cavalry Swords and Claymore) * Bayonets(e. g M1907 blade) See sources G-L for instances of weapons. Ailments In the channels there was a great deal of malady from a typical virus to channel foot(foot spoiling off). 1. Channel foot-Many troopers battling in World War One experienced extreme channel foot. Channel foot is a contamination of the feet brought about by chilly, wet and insanitary conditions. In the channels warriors stood hide an excessive amount of time in waterlogged channels without having the option to take off wet socks or boots. The soilders feet would step by step go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. In the event that untreated, channel foot could turn gangrenous and the outcome was removal. 2. Shell stun Early manifestations of shell stun included sleepiness, touchiness, happiness, absence of focus and cerebral pains. In the long run the men endured mental breakdowns making it unthinkable for them to stay in the cutting edge. Some arrived at the resolution that the warriors condition was brought about by the enemy’s overwhelming ordnance. These specialists contended that a blasting shell makes a vacuum, and when the air hurries into this vacuum it upsets the cerebro-spinal liquid and this can agitate the working of the cerebrum. 3. Channel mouth-It was an extreme type of gum disease that causes excruciating, contaminated, draining gums and ulcerations. . Channel fever is a bacterial disease that causes rehashed patterns of high fever. Two distinct kinds of microbes cause Trench fever. Bartonella quintana is conveyed by body lice and Bartonella henselae is conveyed by ticks. Indications are migraines, skin rashes, excited eyes and leg torments. Rodents In the channels Rats asse mbled in their millions swarmed everywere in channels. There were two primary sorts of rodents in the channels the earthy colored and the dark rodent. Both were scorned however the earthy colored rodent was particularly dreaded. Pigging out themselves on human they could develop to the size of a feline. Toilets Loss of life Conclusion Step by step instructions to refer to World War One â€Life in the Trenches, Essays

Esssay

1. What is the significant choice confronting CCM? What is the timetable or succession of occasions paving the way to the choice? 2. What is your assessment of the outer condition, industry, and rivalry? 3. What is the situation of CCM in the commercial center? What is your assessment of the new item development† model and market testing† process utilized by CCM? 4. Considering the clients and their conduct, and your past examination, how might you position the U+ Pro skate in the commercial center? 5. What proposals would you make to CCM with respect to the execution of their dispatch procedure for the U+ Pro? Notes The significant choice that CCM faces is one that includes the advancement of a compelling item dispatch system which will support the deals for the re-dispatch of CCM’s U+ Pro skate. This has been because of the way that ‘a number of value and showcasing stumbles had happened since the market presentation of the U+ Pro skate two years earlierâ⠂¬â„¢. What's more, the hockey gear industry has been confronting level deals starting late. †Major choice †¢Skates make up the biggest (34%) segment of worldwide hockey hardware advertise by class, trailed by sticks †Exhibit 2. †¢Key contenders are: Reebok-CCM Hockey, Bauer Hockey, Easton, and Graf. Rivalry in the business †¢The industry was a costly industry in contrast with other game hardware enterprises like soccer. †Threat of substitutes high †¢The shoppers of hockey gear have a place in mid-high levels of pay, and go through a considerable amount of cash per annum for hardware. Thus, after they purchase the gear, they will in general stick to it and attempt to abstain from repurchasing. †High intensity of purchasers †¢Had assortment of conveyance channels inside the business. Among them the free retailers had the best information and convention related with selling hockey equipment.In expansion, they are a piece of purchasing bunch es that spread the nation over in Canada. †¢3 buyer sections: oPersonal Expression and Performance gathering (49%): worried about picture, item and individual execution, brand notoriety and brand fame. Need a brand that reflects style and character. Cost was not an obstruction. Reacts well to NHL supports. oSmart entertainers (45%): balanced chiefs who consider both worth and item execution when making a buy. They need hardware to assist them with outflanking the opposition while remaining inside a spending plan. Didn’t care about NHL supports. oPrice Conscious Consumers (†¦

Personal Essay Spotlight Eudora Welty - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

Personal Essay Spotlight Eudora Welty - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts Personal Essay Spotlight: Eudora Welty Personal Essay Spotlight: Eudora Welty When high seniors first encounter the Common Application, most have little to no experience with the personal essay, but this is exactly what colleges expect you to deliver in your application. It’s a format that requires both a conversational tone and polished, insightful storytelling, but most students haven’t had many opportunities or reasons to proactively turn the lens inward and self-examine. (This is true of so many adults too, just FYI.) And for that matter, most students probably haven’t even had the opportunity to read many good examples of personal essays. How can you write something meaningful without a roadmap? To address this question and calm your nerves, we bring you the Personal Essay Spotlight Series, which will introduce you to some of the greatest personal essays ever written (in our humble opinion) and also show you how you can do this too, using the techniques of the greats. This week, we’ll address the most common misconception when it comes to college essays: “I am boring. I have nothing to say.” As you stare down the college essay rabbithole you might start to feel like you have nothing to offer, but you’re wrong. Don’t forget that everyone has to start somewhere, and showcasing what you bring to the table can come through in your accomplishments, but also in your vision, your outlook on life, and your style. Before she was a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, Eudora Welty was a broke 23-year-old trying to survive in New York City. With little to no work experience, she applied to the New Yorker, transforming her relative lack of experience â€"  and breadth of passion and humor â€"  into this charming (and convincing) letter of application. March 15, 1933 Gentlemen, I suppose youd be more interested in even a sleight-o-hand trick than youd be in an application for a position with your magazine, but as usual you cant have the thing you want most. I am 23 years old, six weeks on the loose in N.Y. However, I was a New Yorker for a whole year in 1930-31 while attending advertising classes in Columbias School of Business. Actually I am a southerner, from Mississippi, the nations most backward state. Ramifications include Walter H. Page, who, unluckily for me, is no longer connected with Doubleday-Page, which is no longer Doubleday-Page, even. I have a B.A. (29) from the University of Wisconsin, where I majored in English without a care in the world. For the last eighteen months I was languishing in my own office in a radio station in Jackson, Miss., writing continuities, dramas, mule feed advertisements, santa claus talks, and life insurance playlets; now I have given that up. As to what I might do for you â€" I have seen an untoward amount of picture galleries and 15 ¢ movies lately, and could review them with my old prosperous detachment, I think; in fact, I recently coined a general word for Matisses pictures after seeing his latest at the Marie Harriman: concubineapple. That shows you how my mind works â€" quick, and away from the point. I read simply voraciously, and can drum up an opinion afterwards. Since I have bought an India print, and a large number of phonograph records from a Mr. Nussbaum who picks them up, and a Cezanne Bathers one inch long (that shows you I read e. e. cummings I hope), I am anxious to have an apartment, not to mention a small portable phonograph. How I would like to work for you! A little paragraph each morning â€" a little paragraph each night, if you cant hire me from daylight to dark, although I would work like a slave. I can also draw like Mr. Thurber, in case he goes off the deep end. I have studied flower painting. There is no telling where I may apply, if you turn me down; I realize this will not phase you, but consider my other alternative: the U of N.C. offers for $12.00 to let me dance in Vachel Lindsays Congo. I congo on. I rest my case, repeating that I am a hard worker. Truly yours, Eudora Welty Source: Letters of Note Stay tuned for posts to help get you warmed up for your own journey into the personal essay! Check out more  Tips for Brainstorming Essay Topics. Read our guide  to the 2015-16 Common App Essay. Read more about  The College Essay Advisors Process. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth »

AP English Language and Composition Exam Key Terms

On this page, youll find brief definitions of grammatical, literary, and rhetorical terms that have appeared on the multiple-choice and essay portions of the AP* English Language and Composition exam. For examples and more detailed explanations of the terms, follow the links to expanded articles. *AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which neither sponsors nor endorses this glossary. Ad Hominem:  An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.Adjective:  The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun.Adverb:  The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.Allegory:  Extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are equated with meanings that lie outside the text.Alliteration:  The repetition of an initial consonant sound.Allusion:  A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event—real or fictional.Ambiguity:  The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage.Analogy:  Reasoning or arguing from parallel cases.Anaphora:  The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.Antecedent:  The noun or noun phrase referred to by a pronoun.Antithesis:  The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phr ases.Aphorism:  (1) A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion. (2) A brief statement of a principle.Apostrophe:  A rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing.Appeal to Authority:  A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.Appeal to Ignorance:  A fallacy that uses an opponents inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusions correctness.Argument:  A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood.Assonance:  The identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.Asyndeton:  The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of polysyndeton).Character:  An individual (usually a person) in a narrative (usually a work of fiction or creative nonfiction).Chiasmus:  A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.Circular Argument:  An argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove.Claim:  An arguable statement, which may be a claim of fact, value, or policy.Clause:  A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.Climax:  Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in parallel construction with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a series of events.Colloquial:  Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as distinct from formal or literary English.Comparison:  A rhetorical strategy in which a writer examines similarities and/or differences between two people, places, ideas, or objects.Complement:  A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence.Concession:  An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponents point.Confirmation:  The main part of a te xt in which logical arguments in support of a position are elaborated.Conjunction:  The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.Connotation:  The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry.Coordination:  The grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination.Deduction:  A method of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises.Denotation:  The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings.Dialect:  A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary.Diction:  (1) The choice and use of words in speech or writing. (2) A way of speaking  usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution.Didactic:  Intended or inclined to teach or instruct, often excessively.Encomium:  A tribut e or eulogy in prose or verse glorifying people, objects, ideas, or events.Epiphora:  The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses. (Also known as epistrophe.)Epitaph:  (1) A short inscription in prose or verse on a tombstone or monument. (2) A statement or speech commemorating someone who has died: a funeral oration.Ethos:  A persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or narrator.Eulogy:  A formal expression of praise for someone who has recently died.Euphemism:  The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.Exposition:  A statement or type of composition intended to give information about (or an explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea.Extended Metaphor:  A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.Fallacy:  An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.False Dilemma:  A fallacy of oversimplif ication that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when, in fact, more options are available.Figurative Language:  Language in which figures of speech (such as metaphors, similes, and hyperbole) freely occur.Figures of Speech:  The various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order, or significance.Flashback:  A shift in a narrative to an earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological development of a story.Genre:  A category of artistic composition, as in film or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content.Hasty Generalization:  A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence.Hyperbole:  A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an extravagant statement.Imagery:  Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses.Induction:  A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalizat ion that is meant to apply to all instances.Invective:  Denunciatory or abusive language;  discourse  that casts blame on somebody or something.Irony:  The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.Isocolon:  A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure.Jargon:  The specialized language of a professional, occupational, or other group, often meaningless to outsiders.Litotes:  A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.Loose Sentence:  A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with  periodic  sentence.Metaphor:  A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between  two  unlike things that actually have something important in common.Metonymy:  A figur e of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as crown for royalty).Mode of Discourse:  The way in which information is presented in a text. The four traditional modes are narration, description, exposition, and argument.Mood:  (1) The quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject. (2) The emotion evoked by a text.Narrative:  A rhetorical strategy that recounts a sequence of events, usually in chronological order.Noun:  The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action.Onomatopoeia:  The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.Oxymoron:  A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.Paradox:  A statement that appears to contradict itself.Parallelism:  The similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Parody:  A literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.Pathos:  The means of persuasion that appeals to the audiences emotions.Periodic Sentence:  A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax.Personification:  A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.Point of View:  The perspective from which a speaker or writer tells a story or presents information.Predicate:  One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb.Pronoun:  A word (a part of speech or word class) that takes the place of a noun.Prose:  Ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from  verse.Refutation:  The part of an argument wherein a speaker o r writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.Repetition:  An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point.Rhetoric:  The study and practice of effective communication.Rhetorical Question:  A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.Running Style:  Sentence style that appears to follow the mind as it worries a problem through, mimicking the rambling, associative syntax of conversation—the opposite of periodic sentence style.Sarcasm:  A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark.Satire:  A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack human vice, foolishness, or stupidity.Simile:  A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or asStyle:  Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or wri ting.Subject:  The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about.Syllogism:  A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.Subordination:  Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or  subordinate  to) another. Contrast with coordination.Symbol:  A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself.Synecdoche:  A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or the whole for a part.Syntax:  (1) The study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. (2) The arrangement of words in a sentence.Thesis:  The main idea of an essay or report, often written as a single declarative sentence.Tone:  A writers attitude toward the subject and audience. Tone is primarily conveyed through diction,  point  of view, syntax, and level of formality.Tr ansition:  The connection between two parts of a piece of writing, contributing to coherence.Understatement:  A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.Verb:  The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.Voice:  (1) The quality of a verb that indicates whether its subject acts (active voice) or is acted upon (passive voice). (2) The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or narrator.Zeugma:  The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words, although its use may be grammatically or logically correct with only one.

The Nra Essay - 928 Words

The National Rifle Association The National Rifle Association, or more commonly known as the NRA, is the single most powerful non-profit organization in the United States. Established on November 17, 1871, in New York, the group has grown to approximately 3 million members, all of which are patriotic supporters of the Second Amendment. The NRA serves one sole purpose in the U.S., and that is to promote: marksmanship, firearm safety, protection of hunting, self-defence, and gun ownership rights. The group bases its political position on the fact that firearm ownership is a civil liberty protected by the Second Amendment which comes from the Bill of Rights. American gun culture is based on the right to own a gun and to protect oneself.†¦show more content†¦Over two hundred years ago, when the Second Amendment was written and the states were forming, it was crucial that every person was able to protect themselves with firearms. However in today’s society filled with criminals and lunatics, it may not be in the best interest of the citizens to make guns so easily available. The nature of gun control and gun ownership varies from state to state in the U.S. Nevertheless the correlation between gun ownership and gun violence is relatively positive. The NRA plays a crucial role in the world of guns and ethics. The NRA claims that gun ownership save lives but what they fail to mention is how many lives guns take every day. Firearms account for 54% of suicides cases in the U.S. and it also accounts for the approximately 9 children killed each day. It is also a proven fact that $3,000,000 spent on promoting gun rights overpowers the $90,000 spent on gun control. Gun violence not costs lives but billions of dollars a year in hospital bills and at the same time victims are using large portions of donated blood. The NRA has many ethical issues associated with it’s support for gun ownership. Firstly they will support any gun dealers no matter how many â€Å"crime guns† they sell. Crime guns are firearms that are purchased and are involved in crimes such robberys and murders. In the â€Å"Firestar† video a man by the name of Sandy Abrams proves just how unethical the NRA can be. Sandy Abrams, isShow MoreRelatedNra1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Rifle Association (NRA) As George Stephanopoulos, a former Clinton spokesman once said: Let me make one small vote for the NRA. Theyre good citizens. They call their Congressmen. They write. They vote. They contribute. And they get what they want over time.(qtd. in nra.org) The NRA is indeed all of these things, with programs to benefit a variety of Americans, sponsorship of one of Americas oldest sports, and as an organization that will stand up for its political beliefs regardingRead MoreThe NRA and AARP Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe NRA and AARP It is only natural that in today’s society of conflicting interests, people with similar interests and views have banned together to garner influence through their numbers. As James Madison noted in the Federalists Papers, like-minded people naturally aggregate together. Two of the most influential of such modern groups are the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). Driven by the Read MoreThe Brady Campaign And The Nra Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages The Brady Campaign and the NRA provide evidence from opposing points of view on the success of the Brady Act. The Brady Campaign praises the Brady Act, providing statistics which they feel is hard proof that the Brady Act has reduced gun violence and gun related deaths. The NRA’s evidence paints a different picture. The NRA has provided statistics indicating the Brady Act and waiting periods had no effect on homicide and suicide rates across the country. The NRA firmly believes Instant Check,Read MoreBrief History of the Nra1739 Words   |  7 PagesBrief History of the NRA The National Rifle Association in its simplest form is the largest gun club in the world. The organization was founded in 1871 by former Union Army officers to encourage sport shooting in order to have a fine tuned militia in case of emergency. The Union officers believed that a well regulated militia was integral for the security of a free state. It is an organization that opposes gun control, it believes in the individual defense of the uses of firearms, and it isRead MoreThe National Rifle Association ( Nra )971 Words   |  4 Pagesthe National Rifle Association (NRA). The nonprofit organization has a staunch and straightforward message: to advocate and protect the second amendment. As of late, the NRA has received criticism by some candidate who is running for presidency, and even the President himself, but this has not changed the purpose or image of the organization through the eyes of the American people. Other candidates can see this, and they are in full fledge of their support for the NRA, which is not only cohesive butRead MoreThe National Rifle Association ( Nra )3063 Words   |  13 Pages The National Rifle Association (NRA) Lori Acompora Professor Urban Manhattanville College According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States experiences epidemic levels of gun violence, claiming over 30,000 lives annually. For every person who dies from a gunshot wound, two others are wounded. In America, there are approximately 270 million firearms possessed by civilians, and only 897,000 carried by police. Every year, approximately 100,000Read MoreNRA Secrets Case Study1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthis is dr. Andrew Jones in this edition of NRA secrets Im going to talk about grapes causing death in dogs the signs and solutions as you may or may not know grapes and raisins are toxic to dogs recently theres been some discussion around this being some type of veterinary fallacy and so though its important that I do a video on it and we address you know some of those concerns along with what really is factual in 1989 a computerized animal toxicity database helped veterinarians see and establishRead MoreThe National Rifle Association (NRA) Essay1774 Words   |  8 PagesThe National Rifle Association (NRA) As George Stephanopoulos, a former Clinton spokesman once said: Let me make one small vote for the NRA. Theyre good citizens. They call their Congressmen. They write. They vote. They contribute. And they get what they want over time.(qtd. in nra.org) The NRA is indeed all of these things, with programs to benefit a variety of Americans, sponsorship of one of Americas oldest sports, and as an organization that will stand up for its political beliefs regardingRead MoreHow to Choose an NRA Basic Pistol Course843 Words   |  3 PagesHow to Choose the Right NRA Basic Pistol Course/h1 One of the most important parts of owning any firearm is learning how to operate it safely and effectively. The NRA hosts many safety and operating courses for various firearms, and the NRA basic pistol course is one of their most popular options. One of the reasons for this is because many people want to buy firearms for personal protection, and pistols are very popular option for self-defense due to their small size and ease of use. PistolsRead MoreWhy The Nra May Have Been Armed1928 Words   |  8 Pagesdesperate, plunging into an abandoned grocery store or someone’s empty looking home. If the person were not careful and armed adequately, these places would become death traps. In all my years of supporting gun control, I never thought I d see how the NRA may have been right. Citizens should have been armed. Owning and maintaining weapons would have given the living an edge. Being trained soldiers might have tipped the balance. Our own worst enemy was our humanity. What we had proudly

Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building Free Essays

string(49) " working process depending on the time and cost\." INTRODUCTION This assignment has been concise five main tasks through different topics related to cost estimation. The focuses of estimating for selected areas in a proposed accommodation building, tender pricing techniques, build up unit rates for selected descriptions from BOQ are discussed through the sub tasks. Especially the parties participating of involved in pricing for a particular project and factor to be consider when pricing for a tender sum also identified and clearly discussed further, such as site over heads, head office over heads, subcontractor, suppliers, and the discounts for the performance of suppliers, subcontractors and the client. We will write a custom essay sample on Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the time of build up rates for given descriptions the cost information and the current market price for components of the description take place as a challenge, so those are collected from site people and dealer of the material and the summery of the items which are related to the tasks also attached for further clarifications. TASK 1 1 Describe the tender pricing process of above tender. This is the tender pricing process given below Receipt of invitation to tenders Decision to tender Collection of tender documents Examine tender documents Collection of necessary document Preparing necessary documents Tender adjudication submission of tender Receipt of invitation to tenders Ministry of health advertise this invitation to tender for batticalo government hospital two story patients building in srilankan public news paper. Our company got this information â€Å"veeracasari† daily news paper. They are published in news paper because this is open tender. If anyone have the enough qualification they can participate the tender. Decision to tender On receipt of tender documents a tender information form should be completed by the estimator acknowledgement on receipt of the enquiry should send to the client or his consultant. This form will provide management with the summary of the project the tender documentation it will be a significant document contributing the decision of the submission of the tender Collection of tender documents We get the tender documents form ministry of health .these are some tender documents Tender notice / Invitation to tender , condition of tender / Instruction to bidders , Form of agreement, Conditions of contract and appendix to condition of contract, Form of tender , Drawings, Bonds Bills of Quantities / Specifications / Schedule of rates , Schedules. Examine tender documents The estimator must inspect the tender document before the preparation of the net estimate and the check list must be establish of the documents receipt. Inspection of the tender document must seek to achieve the following objective The documents received are those in the enquiry Sufficient time is variable for production for tender The documents and information are adequate for assessing costs Collection of necessary document We must collect the price list of the materials, plats haring rate , labour rate. We should get the cortation form the material suppliers. We must calculate the total cost of this two story hospital building . Preparing necessary documents We must prepare financial statement of our company, work programmed, method of statement , site origination chart , bid bond and pricing of bill of quantity. Tender adjudication First we must estimate the cost and decide the markup percentage. After that adding that markup percentage to estimated cost. Then used that final cost in to the tendering purpose Submission of tender Tenderers must lodge their tender with full identification and documentation at the nominated location by the advertised date and time. The estimator must ensure that the procedure set out in the tender documents for the submission of the tender is followed particularly. The form of tender and any other declarations, must be completed as required and sign by an authorized person from the contractor’s organization. The codes of procedure for selective tendering, whether for main contractors, state that a tenderer who submits a qualified tender should be given reasonable opportunity to withdraw his qualifications without amendment of his tender price. 1.2 explain the factors that need to be considered in pricing the proposed project .describe related factors only to the given project Special conditions or instructions given by client In the batticalo hospital client’s ministry of health. This is a hospital building because this is not complicated design. But in the apartment construction, designing is very complicated. Comparing the hospital construction and apartment construction take more working hours. It’s very easy to construct hospital constructions than the other building constructions . Availability of material, labour, plant, technology Availability of resource one of the main consideration factor during the pricing time. Because in the construction field, it is totally depends on the material, labour, plant and technology. In hospital construction materials availability is lower than the other construction materials. So we have to find the suitable suppliers find the competitive quotation and select one from them and price the tender for competitive price. In our hospital construction is two story building because no need for higher plant we need the normal plant only We can get the plant for the construction cheaply. Any how the estimator duty is according to the contract chose the correct price and pricing tender. And also more than these availabilities. Location Location is one of the important consideration factors in the pricing of tender. Because in the location we consider the many things like the transport facilities, availability of material, labour and plants, storage, weather conditions, etc. Our location is situated in thebatticalo. So we can easily find material labour force there. We can’t find huge plant facilities from that area. So this cost will be affect in the pricing of the tender. In the storage site facilities is the other important factor in here. We can easily find the storage facilities in the near area. The storage facility cost will low than the city so it’s an advantage for us in the storage cost. Construction period and maintenance period At the pricing time, estimator should consider the construction period and maintenance period of the building. Because the working process depending on the time and cost. You read "Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building" in category "Essay examples" In the hospital construction may the construction period is lower but the same kind of the work is here. In pricing time normally put more unit rate in short period contracts. Because the normal working process should be change and take some arrangement for this. In our case we cant used noise making instruction this is in the hospital because we always keep silence. After the construction we gave one year for the maintenance of the building. This is a hospital building because most people use this building because we must maintenance correct fully .because we need allocate more amount for that . Competition in the market While considering the market situation in these days the hospital construction is very rare in the market. All the construction companies cannot do this kind of hospital construction works. reason is client is ministry of health this is one of the government. Normally government they didn’t pay the money on time. So when the pricing time of the tender we can go some advantageous price. So we have to collect some money for this new works. And finally we have to request the management to put the high percentage of profit margin. By doing this we can earn a huge profit. This is government project because we don’t care about market competitions the reason is if we participate the tender we must rejecter in ICTAD. In batticalo most of the contractors they didn’t rejecter in ICTAD . Payment of structure We must considerate the payment structure. How much rupees they paid for advanced then when they make the second and other payment. We must conformed and fixed to the payment dates . Fluctuation We must conformed fluctuation allow or not . Now materials of the market price is suddenly going up and down. Market price going up this will be effect to the contractor. Market price going down this is good for contractor but effect to the client ( In our scenario client is ministry of health department ). Before tendering we must conformed these thinks. Type of contract In our scenario this is a lump sum type contract. Normally lump sum type contracted base on drawing and specification. In these type of contracted most important document is drawing and specification. Quantity surveyor must care fully read the drawing and specification do the calculation work care fully. Quantity surveyor make any mistake in the calculation part this will be effect to the contractors profit. 1.3) Explain what type of cost information you would use in pricing this tender and name the sources of such cost information Pricing this tender is the major part of preparation of BOQ. This procedure will be done by using different cost information. Do to this type of project we can get the cost details from an experienced person like a sub contractor who is specialized in this kind of hospital constructions. we can get the cost information by having a conversation with some suppliers or sub contractor too. There are some sources from that the information about the materials, labour and plant can be taken, Quotation–to get the sub contractor or supplier. If previous same project –if the contractor can be used the previous project experience, he wants consider the type of project; the previous project will be good experience for this current project to reduce tender pricing. Daily report. Price index – this is issues ICTAD in Sri Lanka. So to price this particular tender we can take the pricing information through quotation for suppliers and sub contractors. Because, this is a government project which is going to be with high quality and also we are specialized in any type construction we can go for quotations. The contractor’s success in obtaining contract depends upon  ­quality of the quotations received for materials, plant and items to be subcontracted. It is essential to obtain realistically competitive prices at the time of preparing the estimate. Standard procedures must be established setting to responsibilities of the person who is to carry out the enquiry function and any subsequent negotiations that arise. Lists of items for which quotations are required are established following the detailed exanimation of the contract documents. Details of past performance, previous performance in returning complete quotation on time, extent of geographical operation, size and type of contract on which previously used, information concerning contacts are considered when selecting sub contractors and this will be necessary if deal with unknown suppliers and sub contractors. Pre selection must confirm that quotations will be submitted and establish that the particular suppliers or sub contractors has the necessary resources and desire to tender for the project. The professional manner in which enquiries are sent to suppliers and sub contractors can have considerable effect on the qualityof quotations submitted. Objective of sending out enquires for supplier and subcontractor to labour, materials, and plant is to ensure that technically accurate quotations are received with the main contract conditions. This must clearly setout terms conditions on which quotations are being invited. All needed materials for this project shall be supplied from the selected suppliers. Enquiries to suppliers of materials must state these important factors: Title and location of the work, and site address Specification, class and quality of the material ,Quantity of the material Delivery programmed , Special deliver Date by which the quotation is required, Period for the quotation is to remain open. Conclusion In above task I am clearly indicate the tender pricing process of batticalo two story hospital building and clearly indicate some factors considering in pricing process of above construction project. Finally I am explaining how we can get the cost information using our tender and name of source such cost information. Task 2 2.1)What are the factors affecting pricing labour, material and plant items in day work Schedule? Labour The calculation for the prime cost of labour differs somewhat from that of the all-in-rate, various incidental costs, over heads and profit are deemed to be included in the percentage added to the prime cost rate by the contractor. The percentage added must include all other items that the contractor considers are necessary to cover the true cost incurred but not allowed under the definition of prime cost of day work. At the time of calculation following factors to be consider for pricing Wages :- wages depend on his talent (eg-special skilled ,skilled or un skilled) we must pay the wages his skill type only. Wage is different for every type. Transportation time :- The labour come to other site we must allow a percentage for his transporting cost. If this cost higher than the accommodation cost we can arrange the accommodation for labours we can reduce the anonymous cost. Overtime :- A labour normally working eight hours per day but our requirement he some time he working ten hours or eleven hours per day if he work eleven hourse per day over time three hours. These three hours per day we must paid 1.25 X one our wage. Subsistence allowances Social benefits (EPF, ETF) :- this benefits only for permanent labours only. Not for daily wage labours. Company will pay some percentage of his/ her salary and some percentage of his salary. These percentage is decided by labour department (Srilanka) Overhead :- we must add a percentage for over head. This is operating cost of the contractor head office. This is indirect expenditure. Superintendence Liabilities, Insurance and allowances for labours Material The contractor shall be entitle to payment in respect of materials used for day work at the rates in the contract documents, in the schedule of day work rates and such rates shall be deem to includes overhead charges, profit, cost and other expenses. Factors to be consider when the pricing are; Material cost: – material cost also effect the pricing of day work schedule. Wastages: – we must include some percentage for wastage. This wastage mostly affects the timber. Form work time timber wastage is very high. Our structural design is very difficult that time we make some molding for get required shape. That time timber wastage is very high. For example sand we un loading sand in our site we can’t use the total cube of material. When the storing time sand will mixed with bottom part of the land that sand mixed with other sand we can’t use that sand for construction works Insurances:- some materials we must take a insurance otherwise we may face huge problem. Here a am indicate a problem for example my home town is Jaffna. I am studied at Hartley College. The tsunami time (2004) our school built a auditorium for 1500 student. End of the year tsunami attacked Srilanka that time Jaffna also effect hugely. That time our school store they keep 500 bags cement. But they didn’t get the insurance. Those 500 cement bag fully destroyed. That project contractor face huge lost that time and he left that project. Some time he get a insurance he don’t care about this problem this a natural disaster because that insurance company they paid the full money. I hope This Is a good example for this insurance. Because we must get a insurance for required materials Handling expenses (loading, unloading, storing) :- whatever the material we are using at site those material has the loading and unloading process. If we are doing the estimation we must add a percentage for loading and unloading purpose. Some material we stored any wear but some material we must keep carefully for examples steel, tiles, cement, some expensive materials Losses:- if there theft happen we must parches that lost material because we must spent more money for that material for examples electrical fittings, other costly items Head office overhead:- we must add some percentage for head office over head. This percentage will decide by contractor. Profit:- this is a amount for contractor. This amount will be decide by contractor and add the amount in material cost. Plant The charge for plant is normally applied under ‘Schedule of basic plant charges’. The rates in the schedule are basic and may subject to an overall adjustment to be quoted by the contractor prior to placing of the contract. The rates apply to plant and machinery already on site, whether hired or owned by the contractor. If we are hiring a plant first we pay some amount for advance and guaranteed .our using time any troubles may occurred. If that trouble is minor work we must repair that problem. Otherwise they deduct some amount for that repair work. The rates unless otherwise stated , include the cost of fuel of every description; lubricating oils, grease, maintenance, sharpening of tools, replacement of spare parts, all consumable stores, and for license and insurance applicable to items of plant. They do not include the costs of drivers and attendants. The rates should be applied to the time during which the plant is actually engaged in day work. Whether or not plant is chargeable on day works depends on the day work agreement in use. Conclusion Before calculating the labour , plant, material we must know about what are the factors affect the pricing those item after that we can successfully done the pricing of labour, plant , material. Above task I am indicate some factors and clearly describe how to effect those calculations. I hope I am done my level best explain in above task. Task-03 Explain the reason for using particular method of pricing In my calculation part I am using norms. If we are using the norms no need to do the extra works for examples No need to calculating the wastage separately No need to calculate the shrinkage separately Our description is a standard because I am using norms directly. Task -04 4.1) Describe the preliminary items that could be required in implementing permanent works of this project. List out the items considered for calculation of head office over head and how you would calculate the over head percentage The pricing preliminaries of the bill of quantities are the estimator’s part in the preparation of a tender process. Preliminary means the items which are not included in the measured works section. The contractor’s general cost items, temporary woks, contractual matters; specific requirements of the employer will be included under the preliminaries. Preliminary section can be divided as fixed charges and time related charges. The description of the work as a whole and the circumstances in which it is to be constructed is intended to convey to the estimator an initial impression of the types of work involved, including any particular or usual features or conditions that are relevant. Bearing in mind, which accompanies the tender documents, the description required under this rule can be relatively succinct. I have identified the following preliminaries items that could be required forpermanent works of this proposed project. Management and staff , site accommodation ,insurance, engineers facility, performance bond, Advance guarantee bond, Services and facilities (Power, lighting, fuels, water, telephone facility, safety, health and welfare, security, storage facility ) ,Mechanical plant (Personnel transport, transport) ,Temporary works (Access scaffolding, Support scaffolding and propping ) Duration Project duration is important factor which is affect a project cost directly. Availability of material This project is in batticalo. If we get the most material in batticalo, we may be in a position to complete this work in a quick process. Also we may get the materials with acceptable price. That also will affect the pricing of preliminaries. Services and facilities Project time we must arrange the accommodation for Labours. If we arrange the accommodation we gave some belongs facilities toilets, electricity. This cost also affects the pricing of preliminaries. Staff accommodation While providing the staff accommodation, we are providing the all the staff for entire project period. But the reality sometimes staffs may be not needed for the entire duration of this project. That will affect the pricing the preliminary. Access of the site During the excavation period we have to bring large machineries. Therefore we need large access of the site to bring the large machineries. If we don’t have the large access we have to do other methods. That’s also affecting the pricing the preliminary. Staff vehicles Staff members travel head office to site office, site office to head office and other purpose we must arrange for a vehicle. If we hiring the vehicles for professional staff. we must paid for more money because we bought a new vehicle for our company that cost will affect the pricing of preliminary. This total price is increase that particular project cost will increase. Guarantees and bonds This is common for most of the projects, that client will requires some amount of money as a bond which to keep a good relationship between the two parties. A contractor normally pays a single insurance premium for this and it can be a very expensive item depending on the financial status and experience of the contractor. Testing material Throughout a contract the testing of materials may be ordered by the architect. That test costs can be taken laboratories. These requirements executed by the consultant which helps to maintain quality, standard workmanship of the works. It will also affecting the pricing the preliminary. In our project will be commencing atBatticalo . We can’t find a testing center Form Batticalo because we must brink required samples to Colombo that time traveling charge, Who brink that samples to Colombo that person welfare cost. These cost are including in the testing material. This cost also affects the cost of preliminaries. Pricing for maintenance of public and private roads Some contracts need provision for the repair of damage to existing roads by the builder’s plant and heavy vehicles continually passing over them. They must also be constantly kept clean and free of mud, building materials, debris and the like. Head office overheads The construction of the project must contribute towards the cost of running company’s head office and other general overheads of the organization. This consist of the cost of administrating a company and providing off site services the apportionment of head office over heads to project and to the company as a whole is decided by management as part of the management policy. Items considered for calculation of head office over head Head office salaries Director’s fees Office rent/depreciation of furniture Incidental insurance Heat, light, power, fuel Stationary Postage Books and telephone charges Auditor’s fees Staff vehicles Interest on working capital and retention money Head office over head percentage X 100 H/O % = total h/o expenses during previous year Total turn over during previous year Total turnover mean how much money come to the head office. These are some basic examples for turnover, interim payment resived from various client, advanced payment of previous project. 4.2) build up the management and supervision cost of this project. Clearly state the factors to be considered in pricing Establishment Running cost Disposal cost Total Assumption Site engineer-1 12X40000 Clerk-1 12X14000 Store keeper-1 12X12000 Supervisor-1 12X20000 Quantity surveyor-1 12X35000 Accountant-1 12X15000 Total -1632000 These are some factors directly link with the pricing of management and supervision cost. If we select the b.sc holder site engineer we must pay more money because we select next lower level best site engineer with more experience ( for example 5 years) we can reduce our monthly salary cost. We are selecting the professional people like this we can save lot of money. Conclusion In above task I am clearly indicted what are the preliminaries items required in permanent work of this our project and I gave some factors to calculate the head office over head and head office over head percentage. Task 05 5.1 Draft inquiry letter to A) M/s mascons ltd requesting prices of asbestos roofing sheets The Managers, M/s Mascons (PVT) Ltd, No 39, Inner fairline Rd, Dehiwala . 01.10.2010 Dear Sir, Quotation for Asbestos roofing sheets We are Raj engineering (PVT) Ltd, which is located in No 12A, Boswell place, Wellawattae. We have decided to tender for a project which is a two story hospital building in batticalo. According to our estimation we need 200 Asbestos roofing sheets 10’X4’ size. This project is going to construct in Batticalo area. As we know that your company has a branch in batticalo. As we are having a good relationship with your company for past 4 years, we decided to request the quotation from your company for this tender too. The materials we require on 1st of November 2010. We want the quotation within 14 days from the day you receive this letter. Also we kindly request you to include about your credit facilities, discount details, storage facilities and your best price for our requirement. Thank you. Yours faithfully, T.subaraj (Junior Q.S) B) M/s ABC tiles requesting rates for fixing tiles Dear Sir, Quotation for fixing tiles rate We are Raj engineering (PVT) Ltd, which is located in No 12A, Boswell place, Wellawattae. We have decided to tender for a project which is a two story hospital building in batticalo. According to our estimation we want fixed 10000 (300X300) tiles for 100000m2 area. Because we need a quotation for fixing tiles. This project is going to construct in Batticalo area. As we know that your company has a branch in batticalo. We have a good relationship with you; we decided to request the quotation from your company for this tender. We require on 1st of November 2010. We want the quotation within 14 days from the day you receive this letter. Also we kindly request you to include about your credit facilities, discount details, your best price for our requirement. Thank you. Yours Faithfully, T.Subaraj 5.2 Explain different forms of discounts given by the suppliers and how would you incorporate those discounts into your tender. Discounts Discounts are quoted or stated cost of which will deduct from the payment of the suppliers and sub-contractors. It is depend on the fulfillment of the conditions which asked specified in the contract for acquiring discounts. The purposes of the discounts are increase the short terms sales, move out of date stocks, reword valuable customers. Mainly there are two types of discounts, those are as follows; Cash discounts Trade discounts Cash discounts Cash discount is often given by the suppliers and sub-contractors to encourage early settlement of accounts. A statement is sent to the contractor at the beginning of each month listing the invoices for materials or services supplied during the previous month. If payment is made by end of the month, a settlement (cash) discount may be taken. These discounts are allowed off invoices if the contractor pay’s within a certain period. In the case of sub-contractors, the period is 17 days after issue of the architect’s certificate which includes the value of the invoice work or services. In the case of suppliers, the period is 30 days from end of the month during which delivery of materials or goods is made. If payment is not paid within the specified period, the contractor is not entitled to deduct the discount. For an example; the client pay his monthly payment earlier the contractor will be given some amount of discount for client, same think happening between main contrac tors and supplier, sub-contractors. Trade discounts Trade discounts are customarily allowed off the prices on standard price list of materials and goods in particular trades. This is often done to avoid frequent revision of such lists, the discounts being varied to allow for fluctuations in prices. In addition some suppliers will allow larger discounts to regular customers or those who buy large quantities. So the more the contractor buys he will get more amounts of discounts to a maximum amount provided by the supplier. Explanation of how to incorporate them into the tender Company nameSanan trade companyRaj construction companySuban trade company Cost of material170012002000 Discount5%20%10% Payment structure5% advancedNo advanced10% advanced Warranty5 years20 years10 years Trade name of materialKnownUn knownKnown Above table clearly indicate three different types of company’s details. In this case we can select sanan Trade Company for supply materials. If we are select that company we can get the 5% of discount because our tendering amount will be reduce. We can easy to win the tender reasonable cost. The main contractor is always expecting about the discount to use it in pricing the tender. If the main contractor knows the amount of the discounts from the subcontractors or suppliers, he can reduce the rate of the work in that tender. So the tender price may be reduced. This might be increased the chance to win the tender. That is why the estimator or being consultancy Quantity Surveyors should have a thorough knowledge about the discounts and should apply the discounts while he is pricing the tender. Conclusion I gained lot of knowledge about cost estimation through this assignment got idea about the tender pricing process, the factors that need to be considered in pricing a tender, the sources and nature of information for cost estimating, the factors affecting labour , material and plant rates, all-in-labour, material plant rates, unit rates that reflect the current local market prices for measured work items in a BOQ, preliminary, overhead costs in a bills of Quantities, the cost of site facilities to be provided by the contractors, prepare letters of enquires for supply of materials and subcontract services and different forms of discount .those are I gained through this assignment. I referred lot of books to do this assignment .I got idea through our batch mates to do this assignment. And also review was useful for me. in review time our lecture corrected my fall in the assignment so review was very useful. REFERENCE Ivor H.Seely, Quantity Surveying Practices, 2nd Edition Published by Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. RD Buchan, F.W. Fleming and J.R. Kelly ,Estimating for Builders and Quantity Surveyors ,1st Edition ,British library cataloguing in publication data,1991. The procurement committee of the charted Institute of building, Code of estimating practice, 6th Edition, Published by The charted Institute of building through Englemere services limited, 1997. Wills, Practice and procedures for the quantity surveyors, 12th Edition, Blackwell publishing. Jack Ramus, Arics and Simon Birchall, Contract Practices for Surveyors, 3rd Edition, Published by British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 1996. How to cite Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building, Essay examples

Mall Preferences Essay Essay Example

Mall Preferences Essay Essay Mall Attractiveness and Shopping Preferences is a survey conducted to happen out what variables attract shoppers to a promenade. their penchants and how mall operators should see this important analysis to implement an effectual scheme to place their scheme. The survey involved five major shopping promenades in Davao City: SM City Davao. NCCC promenade of Davao. Gaisano Mall of Davao. Gaisano South City Mall and Victoria Plaza. Factor analysis is applied for this survey and complimented by a bunch analysis of the demographic features of the respondents. The respondents composed of promenade shoppers who were every bit apportioned across the promenades and clustered harmonizing to categorizations: Traditional shoppers. Finish Shoppers and Enthusiastic shoppers. The consequence of the survey reveals that SM City of Davao is good positioned in pulling shoppers. the promenade is favored by clients in footings of promenade statics. service. publicity and amusement. SM is followed closely by NCCC promenade of Davao and Gaisano Mall of Davao. while Gaisano South City promenade and Victoria Plaza were far behind in their market placement and viability. We will write a custom essay sample on Mall Preferences Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mall Preferences Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mall Preferences Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ever since its being. shopping malls become the built-in portion of the shoppers’ life style because of the convenience. amusement and products’ handiness it offers to the consumers. no uncertainty. these constitutions helped heighten the daily life of the people. With several promenades mushroomed in the metropolis in recent old ages. people have given broad picks based on their demands and leisure like where to pass clip adhering with friends and love 1s and where to shop. Promenade operators. due to stiff competitions. must make up ones mind what positioning schemes they would implement to entice consumers and travel in front with their rivals. In this survey. which factor analysis is applied. promenade operators were given an thought what are the important factors that drive shoppers to a shopping promenade. The respondents of this survey. which were exhaustively clustered into three classs. stand for all the socioeconomic categories of the society. which is really specific for the survey to hold an accurate consequence in placing shoppers’ penchants on what promenade attributes they will be easy attracted. The survey. which revealed SM City of Davao as the most preferable followed by NCC promenade of Davao and Gaisano promenade of Davao. Tells exactly the existent and existent sentiments of shoppers in the metropolis on where they would desire to travel to for pleasance and for shopping activities. I do agree with the consequence that Gaisano promenade of Davao ranked high among the top three promenades in footings of handiness because of its propinquity to the downtown country where most pupils and professionals are populating. though the survey revealed that this lead is really slender. it is still a large factor for Gaisano promenade operators to carefully tap their best resources in pulling clients in order to keep its trueness. giving them a competitory border against NCCC and SM in pulling more shoppers. SM City clearly shows its best advantages against rivals because of implementing a good placement and selling scheme. it caters and answers the demands of shoppers why they want to travel to the promenade in the first topographic point. because most of the respondents can be categorized as immature grownups. professionals and fun-loving persons. their penchants are ever be on the amusement. convenience. elegant merchandises and good promenade atmosphere. These shoppers can be easy attracted with a promenade ambiance that is favourable to their lifestyle picks. This consequence of the most preferable promenade in Davao does non follow that most shoppers are monetary value witting. this lone tells that. particularly the immature respondents. most shoppers prefer an constitution that is extremely advanced. friendly. holding cool trade names of merchandises and offers a terrific environment for socialising with friends. Therefore. the recommendations presented is appropriate as immature shoppers are easy attracted to an environment which offers amusement. greater value of ware and fashionable comfortss. but the buying power of the shoppers should non be ignored as shoppers from category C and D are possible market. Promenade operators should besides equilibrate the elements mall atmosphere advanced merchandises and moderate pricing of the ware.